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Back西藏卡若遗址:探寻高原史前文明与多元一体交融
西藏卡若遗址:探寻高原史前文明与多元一体交融
Science
中国新闻网20 hours agoScience7 min readChinaView translation

西藏卡若遗址:探寻高原史前文明与多元一体交融

卡若遗址见证西藏高原史前人类生产生活和区域文化交流。

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西藏昌都卡若遗址历经四次考古发掘,揭露面积约1800平方米,出土数万件文物。该遗址距今5300至4300年,属新石器时代,见证了高原先民生产生活及区域间文化交流。

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Why It Matters

卡若遗址于1977年在昌都水泥厂施工时被发现,历经四次考古发掘,属于新石器时代卡若文化。

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卡若遗址位于西藏自治区昌都市卡若区东南约12公里的卡若村,东依澜沧江,南临卡若水,海拔约3100米,是我国重要的新石器时代遗址之一。

1977年,昌都水泥厂工人在施工过程中发现卡若遗址。经调查,遗址出土石器、骨器、陶片等,被认定具有重要考古价值。经国家文物局批准,1978年、1979年,西藏自治区文物管理委员会先后开展两次考古发掘;2002年,西藏自治区文物局联合四川大学开展第三次发掘;2012年,为完善遗址保护规划,又开展了考古发掘、勘探和测绘工作。

历经四次考古发掘,遗址累计揭露面积约1800平方米,发现房屋遗迹、石墙、圆石台、石围圈、灰坑等遗迹,出土各类文物数万件,包括石器7978件、骨器368件、陶片200余块、装饰品50件等,为研究西藏高原史前人类生产生活和聚落发展提供了重要实物资料。

考古研究表明,卡若遗址年代距今5300至4300年间,属于新石器时代。遗址出土石器种类丰富,既有打制石器,也有磨制石器,还有石镞、石矛等细石器;骨器主要有骨钻、骨针等;陶器为夹砂小平底器,多以罐、盆、碗为基本组合,其中以一种双体陶罐最为突出。出土的装饰品中,有用玉、石、骨等制作的环、珠、镯等,说明卡若遗址的先民已经具备一定的审美意识和手工业水平。遗址中出土的玉器和海贝是卡若居民与各个地区的民族相互交换而来的,见证了不同区域之间的物质交流。

建筑遗存是卡若遗址的重要发现。遗址内房屋遗迹分布密集、类型比较复杂,主要有圜底房屋、半地穴式房屋和地面房屋等类型,墙体采用草拌泥或石块砌筑,部分建筑还发现具有地方特色的木结构。这些遗存不仅展现了卡若先民的居住方式和建筑技术,也为研究西藏高原早期聚落形态及社会生活提供了重要依据。

综合遗址及出土遗物特征,卡若遗址所代表的文化面貌与我国其他已知史前文化存在明显差异,考古学界将其命名为“卡若文化”。

“卡若文化”具有鲜明的区域交流特征。遗址出土的细石器带有中国北方草原文化因素,部分石器制作技术显示出与中亚、南亚等地区交流的可能;穿孔贝饰来自南海地区,陶器等文化因素又与黄河流域马家窑、半山、马厂等史前文化存在联系。这些考古发现表明,距今数千年前,西藏高原并非与外界隔绝,而是已经通过人员往来、物质交换和文化传播,与周边乃至更远地区产生联系,为认识中华文明多元一体格局提供了重要考古实证。

双体陶罐是卡若遗址出土的标志性器物,距今已有4000多年历史。因由两个形制相同的袋形陶罐连接而成,故名“双体陶罐”。其造型简洁饱满、构思巧妙、制作精美,代表了当时“卡若文化”较高的制陶水平,是我国西藏新石器时代陶器的代表性器物,也是“卡若文化”的重要文化标识。

卡若遗址发现以来,西藏自治区和昌都市持续加强保护。1978年搬迁遗址上方水泥厂原厂区,1996年和2004年先后修建保护围墙,2007年投入专项资金拆除遗址内非保护建筑,并启动遗址保护规划编制工作。此后,卡若遗址公园建设稳步推进,一期工程于2015年启动、2016年竣工,二期工程进一步完善绿化、基础设施。

从考古发掘到遗址保护,从一件件出土文物到独具特色的“卡若文化”,卡若遗址穿越数千年时光,记录着高原先民繁衍生息、创造文明的历史,也见证了不同区域文化交流交融的进程。今天,这座古老遗址正以更加完整的姿态,成为认识中华文明多元一体格局的重要窗口。

Open Questions

  • 未来是否会开展新一轮的考古发掘工作?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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