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Back日本垃圾桶稀少的原因:歷史、政策與社會規範的交織
日本垃圾桶稀少的原因:歷史、政策與社會規範的交織
World
BBC中文1 hour agoWorld3 min readChinaView translation

日本垃圾桶稀少的原因:歷史、政策與社會規範的交織

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日本街頭垃圾桶稀少並非僅因1995年地鐵沙林事件後的安全考量,而是歷史發展、反恐政策、地方政府減少垃圾桶以降低維護成本、以及『meiwaku o kakenai』(避免給他人添麻煩)等社會規範與日常習慣共同作用的結果,儘管街道乾淨,但旅客常因找不到垃圾桶而感到困惑。

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Why It Matters

日本街頭垃圾桶數量自1995年東京地鐵沙林毒氣襲擊後開始減少,最初出於恐怖主義防範考量,後來因維護成本和社會規範影響而持續,儘管街道乾淨,但旅客常感困惑。

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作者,米歇爾·格羅斯(Michelle Gross)

Published 4 分鐘前

閱讀時間: 3 分鐘

從1995年的致命襲擊事件到根深蒂固的社會規範,日本垃圾桶稀少的原因,比表面看來更為複雜。

如果你花一天時間在東京觀光,可能會發現自己一路拿著空咖啡杯、7-Eleven蛋三明治的包裝紙,以及愈來愈強烈的困惑感。日本以重視整潔聞名,那麼,為什麼卻找不到地方丟垃圾呢?

這種困擾對許多旅客而言並不陌生,也因此催生了無數社群媒體影片,記錄困惑的遊客在一塵不染的街道上四處尋找垃圾桶的情景。

然而,答案比表面看起來更為複雜。

威廉姆斯學院(Williams College)歷史學教授、《垃圾:消費戰後日本》(Waste: Consuming Postwar Japan)作者艾子·丸子·辛尼亞沃(Eiko Maruko Siniawer)表示:「這是歷史發展、經濟現象、政治事件及其對人們如何選擇行動所產生的各種影響,相互交織而成的複雜結果。」

日本並非一直都是一個缺少垃圾桶的國家。辛尼亞沃指出,1995年3月是日本垃圾桶文化的一個重大轉折點。當時,奧姆真理教(Aum Shinrikyō)成員在東京地鐵三條路線的早晨繁忙時段釋放沙林毒氣,造成14人死亡、數千人受傷。事件發生後,當局出於防範恐怖主義的考量,封閉或移除了垃圾桶。

其後,世界各地接連發生的恐怖襲擊事件,包括美國的的9·11事件,進一步促使這些措施得以延續。然而,三十年過去,單靠安全考量已無法解釋為什麼恢復的垃圾桶如此之少,也無法解釋日本為何依舊能保持驚人的整潔。

成本和實際需要是部分原因。日本國立環境研究所(National Institute for Environmental Studies)的吉田綾(Aya Yoshida)表示,自2000年代以來,一些地方政府刻意減少街頭垃圾桶的數量,以鼓勵民眾把垃圾帶回家處理。

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吉田補充道:「以京都為例,由於家庭垃圾被丟入街頭垃圾桶,以及垃圾在垃圾桶周圍堆積等問題,導致維護和管理這些垃圾桶的成本上升,因此從2011年起,街頭垃圾桶的數量被削減了一半以上。」

那麼,為什麼街道上不會有更多垃圾呢?吉田提醒,不應將日本的整潔歸因於某種日本人特有的愛整潔的意識。她強調,乾淨的街道也是多年來有意推行政策的結果。

她表示:「數十年來,各地方政府一直投資於防止亂拋垃圾宣傳活動、公眾教育、街道清潔,以及旨在遏止亂拋垃圾的環境設計措施。」

但她表示,社會規範同樣重要。其中之一是「meiwaku o kakenai」,即避免給他人造成麻煩的觀念。日常習慣也發揮作用:邊走邊吃在日本相對並不常見,因此人們外出時通常不會製造太多垃圾。

辛尼亞沃表示:「就我自己的日常生活模式而言,我不確定在往返工作地點的途中,究竟會產生多少垃圾。由於在日本,一邊走路或搭乘火車時進食並不常見,因此在途中製造垃圾的機會也較少。」

當然,遊客體驗城市的方式有所不同。他們往往花長時間觀光、購買飲料和便利店小食,因此更有可能發現自己一路攜帶垃圾,卻找不到明顯可以丟棄的地方。

旅居日本的導遊橫尾純子(Junko Yokoo)表示,對遊客而言,隨處難覓垃圾桶起初既令人困惑,也令人感到挫折。但許多人很快便會適應。

她說:「起初,我的客人經常抱怨找不到垃圾桶,但他們也喜歡看到街道上沒有垃圾,並逐漸學會接受『入鄉隨俗』的心態。」

儘管遊客或許會這樣認為,但垃圾桶並沒有完全消失,只是你必須知道去哪裡找,辛尼亞沃補充道。

Open Questions

  • 具體有多少地方政府實施了垃圾桶減量政策?
  • 減少垃圾桶是否導致垃圾填埋量或回收率有可測量的變化?
  • 長期來看,此政策是否增加了家庭垃圾處理負擔?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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