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Back特朗普政府对华强硬姿态减弱,因中国稀土供应链掌控力增强
特朗普政府对华强硬姿态减弱,因中国稀土供应链掌控力增强
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德国之声2 hours agoWorld3 min readChinaView translation

特朗普政府对华强硬姿态减弱,因中国稀土供应链掌控力增强

Quick Look

特朗普政府近期未对中国进口商品加征新关税或收紧技术出口限制,形成与以往峰会前强硬信号的反差。专家指出,中国对稀土矿产供应链的近乎完全控制是关键原因,去年中国限制稀土出口导致全球供应链断裂,迫使美方调整策略。美国智库和官员承认,华盛顿在对华施压方面已失去以往空间,特朗普转而采取热情款待方式,而专家认为中美目前处于微妙脆弱的休战状态,习近平在此次权力博弈中占优。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

特朗普政府曾以高额关税和出口限制施压中国,但去年中国通过限制稀土出口反制,导致全球稀土供应链断裂,迫使美方调整对华策略。中国控制全球约七成稀土开采、85%精炼能力和90%金属合金及磁体生产,稀土是汽车、芯片和国防等战略产业关键原料。

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(德国之声中文网)一段时间来,特朗普政府没有威胁对中国进口商品加征新的关税,也没有放言进一步收紧美国对华出口技术,这一现象同以往峰会前频繁释放强硬信号形成反差。

专家指出,主要原因在于,中国几乎完全掌控着稀土矿产供应链。去年,特朗普宣布对中国加征高额关税后,中国快速采取反制措施,限制了稀土出口,全球稀土供应链断裂,两国贸易战随即告一段落。

中国的行动,事实上限制了华盛顿对北京施压的空间,使中国在与美国持续多年的科技竞争中,获得了更大的战略优势。

美国智库“新美国安全中心”(Center for a New American Security)研究员、前美国贸易官员基尔克里斯(Emily Kilcrease)表示:“美国以及特朗普政府如今同中国打交道时,情形已经发生了根本变化。鉴于去年夏天发生的一系列事件,包括中国实施稀土出口管制,他们已经无法再像过去那样采取高度胁迫、过度扩张的方式,因为他们知道,最终可能不得不收回部分措施。”

根据美国管理咨询公司艾睿铂(AlixPartners)的数据,中国控制着全球约七成的稀土开采,85%的稀土精炼能力,以及约90%的稀土金属合金和磁体生产能力。钇、镝等稀土元素是汽车制造、芯片生产和国防工业等战略产业的关键原料,构成全球供应链中的重要瓶颈环节。

对华限制措施力度减弱

近期以来,特朗普政府对中国采取了一些打压措施,但专家认为,这些举措的力度,明显弱于以往,并在峰会数月前便已公布,这样做很可能是避免会晤前激怒北京。

例如,今年6月,美国国防部指控阿里巴巴、比亚迪等企业为中国军方提供支持。

7月,美国财长贝森特(Scott Bessent)威胁称,任何涉嫌复制美国人工智能模型的中国人工智能企业,都可能面临制裁。

同月,美国又以涉嫌侵犯人权为由,禁止从43家中国企业进口产品;禁止进口部分外国生产的新型机器人和逆变器,目标对准中企。

曾在拜登政府任职的白宫官员哈雷尔(Peter Harrell)表示,在经历了稀土危机之后,特朗普政府感受到在中国施压面前自身的脆弱性,因此正在寻求“稳定和安全地获取关键矿产资源”。

专家:两人博弈,习近平胜出

就在本月,特朗普总统谈到习近平时说,“他是一位伟大的绅士;我们相处得很好,”“我们有着非常良好的贸易关系,你知道,他们是竞争对手,但我们与习近平主席的关系非常好。”

法新社评论认为,特朗普总统在很多问题上,都对习近平网开一面。他也曾试图用关税对抗中国,但结果是适得其反。由于无法改变中国,特朗普转而采取了热情款待的方式。

特朗普总统今年5月访问了北京,两位领导人今年在国际峰会上还有两次面谈的机会。据悉,在习近平到访之前,特朗普已在白宫南草坪准备好了直升机停机坪,并遗憾地表示,他的宴会厅尚无法接待中国领导人。

国际危机组织高级顾问康明凯(Michael Kovrig)表示,“特朗普大幅改变了对华策略,因为他最初试图用超高关税和出口限制的策略失败了”,“习近平和特朗普展开了一场权力博弈,习近平胜出。”

康明凯曾是加拿大外交官。当年华为财务官孟晚舟在加拿大软禁后,中国拘留了康明凯。他指出,特朗普在很大程度上,削弱了能够对中国施加压力的经济和国家安全联盟。

美国共和党议员穆勒纳尔(John Moolenaar)一直主张对华采取强硬立场。他是众议院中国问题特别委员会主席,在接受路透社采访时,穆勒纳尔表示,“特朗普总统正以强势姿态,进入这次峰会。”

然而,华盛顿地缘政治智库Silverado Policy Accelerator联合创始人阿尔佩罗维奇(Dmitri Alperovitch)认为,在美国找到关键矿产替代供应来源之前,华盛顿不太可能采取更激进的对华行动。他在上周一场有关中美竞争的活动中预测,“自去年釜山会晤以来,中美双方实际上处于一种微妙而脆弱的休战状态,我认为,这种状态仍将继续维持下去。”

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 特朗普政府将在短期内避免对中国采取新的高额关税或广泛技术出口限制,以免触发中国再次使用稀土作为反制手段。

    Likely · Within months

  • 中美将在未来几个月内保持当前的微妙脆弱休战状态,除非发生重大突发事件或一方认为自身谈判筹码发生根本变化。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 特朗普政府是否会在未来重新启动对华高额关税或技术出口限制?
  • 美国是否能够在短期内建立稀土供应链的替代来源以减少对中国的依赖?
  • 中美目前的微妙休战状态能够维持多久,何时可能爆发新一轮紧张?
  • 其他国家是否会效仿中国利用稀土等关键矿产作为杠杆应对美国施压?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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