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Back美國聯儲局三年多來首次加息,特朗普稱理事會充滿敵意
美國聯儲局三年多來首次加息,特朗普稱理事會充滿敵意
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BBC中文1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

美國聯儲局三年多來首次加息,特朗普稱理事會充滿敵意

Quick Look

美國聯儲局以一致投票將利率從3.5%-3.75%上調至3.75%-4%,為三年多來首次加息。儘管前總統特朗普一直反對加息並呼籲降息,但現任主席凱文·沃什表示此舉是為遏制持續過高的通脹。特朗普後來稱讚沃什,但批評理事會充滿敵意且高度政治化。多家主要銀行已跟進上調優惠貸款利率。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美國聯儲局在2023年7月最後一次加息後,於2025年12月降息。本次為三年多來首次再次上調利率,旨在應對長期高於2%目標的通脹。

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美國利率三年多來首次上調,為了遏止物價上漲,利率可能還會進一步提高。

美國聯邦儲備局(Federal Reserve)以一致投票決定,將利率從 3.5% 至 3.75% 上調至 3.75% 至 4%。此前,總統唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump;川普)一直呼籲降息,並對加息表示強烈反對。

美聯儲主席凱文·沃什(Kevin Warsh)表示,此舉是因為「通脹過高,且持續時間過長」,並稱這是一個「清醒」且「負責任的決定」。

在宣布加息後,特朗普表達了對沃什的支持,但稱負責投票就利率決策的美聯儲理事會「充滿敵意」。

沃什在週三(9月16日)議息決定公布後的新聞發布會上表示,儘管美聯儲領導層內部存在「樂觀情緒」,但通脹依然是一個問題。

與許多央行一樣,美聯儲設定了將通脹率控制在2%或以下的目標。沃什指出,美國通脹率已經「五年多」高於目標水平。

這使得生活負擔成為美國選民最關切的問題之一——自美國與以色列對伊朗開戰以來,批發油價飆升,帶動燃料價格大漲,也推高了許多商品和服務的成本。

沃什表示,儘管美聯儲「無法影響任何單一價格——無論是油價,還是雜貨店的食品價格」,但央行可以致力於防止物價上漲蔓延至整個經濟。

他還表示,就業市場和整體經濟的強勁表現,意味着美聯儲將繼續專注於穩定物價,而收入最低的群體將從低通脹中獲益最多。

央行通常在通脹高企時加息,以抑制消費、鼓勵儲蓄,從而希望減緩物價上漲速度。但這是一場平衡之術,因為更高的利率也可能促使企業推遲投資,損害經濟增長。

更高的利率對美國人意味著什麼

沃什獲得任命時,民主黨議員曾稱他將成為特朗普的「傀儡」,許多美聯儲觀察人士也預計他會執行特朗普持續要求大幅降息的主張。特朗普此前曾嚴厲批評沃什的前任傑羅姆·鮑威爾(Jerome Powell)不願降息。

週三被問及這次加息向特朗普傳遞了什麼訊息時,沃什笑了笑,然後說:「關於與總統的討論,我沒有什麼可告訴你的。」

特朗普其後告訴記者:「我很倚重凱文(沃什),但他面對的,你知道,是一個很不好對付的理事會。」

他還說:「利率太高了,並不合適⋯⋯我跟凱文談過,我說,『你不妨跟理事會一起投票,反正也無所謂』。理事會充滿敵意,他們非常政治化。」

稍早時,特朗普在社交媒體上寫道:「為美利堅合眾國降低利率,而且要快!」

國會山莊的民主黨人表示,加息將使貸款成本更高,進而導致更多美國人陷入債務。

參議院民主黨領袖查克·舒머(Chuck Schumer)說:「這會讓所有東西都變得更貴。這是因為唐納德·特朗普不懂得如何管理經濟。」

這次加息是美聯儲自2025年12月降息以來首次調整利率。上次加息是在2023年7月。

此次加息可能推高購房者的按揭利率,並導致美國人在其他類型債務上的支出增加。

摩根大通(JP Morgan)、KeyCorp和紐約梅隆銀行(BNY)等美國主要銀行週三均將最優惠貸款利率從6.75%上調至7%,這將影響信用卡和個人貸款的利率。

過去一年,按揭成本有所攀升,但仍低於2023年的峰值。根據房貸美(Freddie Mac)的數據,30年期固定利率按揭的平均利率為6.76%,15年期則為6.09%。

許多美國房主持有30年期或15年期固定利率按揭,利率變動不會影響他們的月供。但更高的利率可能影響希望申請新按揭或再融資的人士。

沃什拒絕就他個人對美聯儲利率走勢的看法表態,但其大多數同僚表示,預計年底前利率將再次上調至 4% 至 4.25% 之間。

略佔多數的官員還表示,明年利率可能進一步升至 4.25% 至 4.5% 區間,之後在2028年和2029年才會開始降息。

相關預測顯示,物價漲幅將在未來數年趨緩,作為衡量生活成本的指標,通脹率預計將逐步回落,到2029年降至美聯儲的目標水平。

自伊朗戰爭以來,面對通脹上升的不止美聯儲——歐洲央行(European Central Bank)上週已加息,英格蘭銀行(Bank of England;英倫銀行)也將於週四(17日)作出自己的利率決定。

本文原以英文撰寫,我們使用了人工智能協助翻譯,並由BBC記者在發佈前進行審核。了解更多關於我們如何使用人工智能的資訊。

中美利率「冰火兩重天」

BBC中文記者陳岩

加息的「息」,指的是美國聯邦基金利率,簡單來說,這是美國銀行之間互相借錢時使用的利率。

加息就是把這個利率調高。銀行的借貸成本上升,給企業和個人放貸的利率也會跟着漲,大家借錢的意願自然下降,貸款需求減少,市面上流通的貨幣供給量隨之收緊,通脹壓力得到緩解,經濟也就慢慢降溫。

反過來,如果降息,銀行放貸的利率會降低,借錢的成本更便宜,企業和個人都更願意貸款,更多資金流入實體經濟,整體經濟活動也會變得更活躍。

美聯儲調節這個利率,歸根結底是為了實現一個目標:讓美國的就業最大化,同時保持物價穩定。經濟疲軟的時候降息,向市場注入更多流動性,刺激經濟復甦;經濟過熱的時候加息,收緊貨幣供應,抑制通脹,避免經濟過快膨脹帶來的風險。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美國聯儲局將在年底前再次將利率上調至4%-4.25%

    Likely · Within months

  • 明年美國利率可能升至4.25%-4.5%區間

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 聯儲局未來是否會繼續加息?
  • 特朗普若重返白宮,將如何影響貨幣政策?
  • 美國經濟是否會因利率上升而出現顯著放緩?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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