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Back習近平結束訪美行程:美中同意建立戰略穩定關係,經貿與AI議題成焦點
習近平結束訪美行程:美中同意建立戰略穩定關係,經貿與AI議題成焦點
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BBC中文2 hours agoPolitics6 min readChinaView translation

習近平結束訪美行程:美中同意建立戰略穩定關係,經貿與AI議題成焦點

美中元首會晤觸及貿易、人工智能及禁毒等議題,雙方同意建立基於尊重、公平及對等的戰略穩定關係,但外界普遍認為實質成果有限。

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中國國家主席習近平結束訪美行程,與美國總統特朗普會晤並同意建立戰略穩定關係。雙方在經貿、人工智能及禁毒議題達成共識,並延長貿易戰休戰期。然而,分析認為此次峰會形式大於內容,兩國在關鍵領域的競爭依然激烈。

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Why It Matters

中美兩國元首在釜山會晤後達成貿易休戰協議,此次峰會旨在延續該機制並探討人工智能安全對話。

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中國國家主席習近平(25日)結束訪美行程,美中分別發表會晤成果,均觸及貿易、人工智能及禁毒等議題,同意建立基於尊重、公平及對等的戰略穩定關係,但並未提及台灣。

然而,外界普遍認為,美國總統特朗普高規格接待習近平,但會談具突破或實際的成果不大。

預期今年內中美元首仍有兩次會面,分別是11月在深圳的亞太經合組織(APEC)會議及12月在邁阿密的二十國集團(G20)峰會。

BBC中文梳理兩國展現了什麼成果,以及外界如何解讀二人的舉措。

兩國如何定義雙邊關係?

中方在26日發佈八項成果共識,白宮則在當地時間25日深夜發表事實清單。兩份文件均涉及經貿、人工智能及禁毒等議題,也觸及雙邊關係定位及伊朗局勢等外交議題。

兩方均表示,同意建立基於尊重、公平及對等的戰略穩定關係,並相互支持對方舉辦APEC及G20峰會。兩國元首均有意出席對方主辦的會議,預計今年內仍有兩次會面機會。

在伊朗議題上,兩國同意伊朗應履行不發展核武器的承諾,任何國家或機構都不得對國際水道徵收通行費。

兩份文件還提到,兩國元首回顧了「中美是二戰盟友」、「並肩作戰贏得戰爭勝利」的歷史。雖未點名日本,但隨同習近平訪美的中國外交部長王毅在講述此行程時表示,今年是二戰東京審判開庭80周年,中美同為聯合國安理會常任理事國,維護戰後國際秩序、防止軍國主義復活,是雙方的共同責任。

台灣問題則呈現會內提及、文件略過的微妙落差。會面期間,習近平強調希望美方堅持反對「台獨」的正確立場,慎重處理台灣問題。美國的官方立場一向是「不支持」台獨。會後的成果清單沒有提及台灣,特朗普其後僅稱「沒花太多時間討論台灣,他(習近平)非常清楚我的想法」。

白宮清單另提到,兩人也談及俄羅斯及朝鮮。

「形式大於內容」

曾任美國助理國務卿、分管東亞和太平洋事務的亞洲協會政策研究所(Asia Society Policy Institute)研究員丹尼爾·拉塞爾(Daniel Russel)直言峰會令人失望,排場與實質內容之間明顯失衡。他用「外交娛樂化」(diplotainment)形容這一次峰會。

不過拉塞爾分析,北京並不介意,因為特朗普展現的禮遇,彰顯了中國的地位與習近平的威望。

在他看來,兩國展現了避免雙邊關係跌入谷底的意願,但在貿易、科技、台灣、國防、稀土及產業政策等問題上,兩國仍深陷激烈競爭,「掩蓋真正的問題存在風險」。他關注各項協議能否真正落實,例如削減關稅、購買農產品、增加稀土出口量,原因在於「峰會的公告往往無法準確預示後續的實際成效」。

美國智庫外交關係協會(Council on Foreign Relations)主席弗羅曼(Michael Froman)撰文寫道,習近平此次國事訪問「形式大於內容」:雙方延長關稅休戰,但中國產能問題被押後處理,台灣、伊朗、俄羅斯等議題均未取得重大進展。

他分析,習近平與特朗普對現狀都頗為滿意,二人傾向把中美關係視為「需要管理」(managed)而非「需要解決」(resolved)的問題。雙方都強調穩定、友好與避免衝突,反映兩國目前更關注控制競爭風險,而非尋求重大突破。

大西洋理事會(Atlantic Council)副主席喬許·利普斯基(Josh Lipsky)則認為,峰會對北京而言是一場更具廣泛意義的形象勝利。當各國正聚集紐約出席聯合國大會之際,華盛頓把美中描繪成近乎平等的對手,也就是「G2」格局,而非「G7」或「G20」的框架。在他看來,這等於美國推開盟友這一自己最寶貴的資產,轉而選擇與中國平起平坐。

關稅休戰延長兩月:時間點的考量

經貿方面,在雙方正式會晤前,美國財政部長已公布,美國將貿易戰的休戰期延長至明年1月。

兩國在會晤中認可中美經貿磋商機制和雙方經貿團隊的磋商成果。白宮的事實清單具體指出,今年5月峰會設立的美中貿易委員會和美中投資委員會正式投入運作,雙方就各300億美元「非敏感商品」給予更優惠關稅達成共識。美國一方涵蓋出口的農產品、魚類及海鮮、木製品、化妝品和醫療器械,自美國進口的產品則包括小家電、玩具等消費品。

中方另承諾,於2027和2028年每年從美國進口至少1000萬噸煤炭;雙方亦會致力解決稀土及其他關鍵礦產的供應鏈短缺。

這份貿易休戰協議源於去年兩國元首在韓國釜山的會晤,原訂今年11月屆滿。

亞洲協會政策研究所副總裁、前貿易談判代表卡特勒(Wendy Cutler)分析,休戰僅延長兩個月,遠短於中方爭取的時間,但恰好讓雙方避開今年接下來兩場可能舉行的峰會。

她指出,從美國角度看,較短的期限或能為華盛頓提供必要籌碼,迫使中國履行休戰協議中的承諾,特別是在關鍵礦產及磁體領域。不過只要北京仍主導關鍵礦產產業,美國對中國的施壓能力便相當有限,因此預期雙方將繼續透過推出新的懲罰性經濟措施互相試探。

卡特勒表示,目前值得關注的發展有兩個:雙方是否表明會繼續推行削減關稅措施並擴大至更多產品;貿易委員會是否獲授權處理包括非關稅壁壘在內的其他事項。她也提示,輿論對中國產能過剩及出口激增問題的討論明顯不足。

人工智能:同意對話,未有方案

此次峰會的重要議題之一,是美中兩國在人工智能安全問題上有沒有合作空間。

兩國同意建立中美人工智能對話機制,交流相關風險和益處,下次對話定於11月,雙方並將建立人工智能事件的溝通渠道。

美方特別提及,兩國領導人同意以「超級智能」(super intelligence)代替「人工智能」(artificial intelligence)的表述。不過中方文件未見使用「超級智能」一詞,中國外交部26日就此表示,就人工智能表述,「中方重視美方的立場,也尊重美方的提法」。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 11月在深圳舉行APEC會議期間舉行元首會晤

    Likely · Within months

  • 12月在邁阿密舉行G20峰會期間舉行元首會晤

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 貿易協議中的承諾能否真正落實?
  • 美中在關鍵礦產領域的競爭將如何演變?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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